Acute sinusitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes lining your sinuses—the air-filled spaces within the bones around your nose. When these membranes become swollen, mucus cannot drain properly, which may lead to a buildup that can cause pressure, pain, and infection. This condition typically lasts less than four weeks and often develops following an upper respiratory tract infection. In Singapore’s tropical climate, with high humidity and periodic haze, acute sinusitis cases may be influenced by environmental factors at certain times of the year. The condition can affect people of all ages.
Sinusitis (Rhinosinusitis) Treatment in Singapore
If you’re experiencing facial pain, nasal congestion, and pressure around your sinuses, you may have acute sinusitis. This is a common condition that affects many people in Singapore, particularly during seasonal changes and haze periods. At our clinic, our ENT specialist provides comprehensive evaluation and treatment to help manage your symptoms and may help prevent complications. Understanding your treatment options and seeking timely medical care may help reduce your symptoms and support your return to daily activities.
*Individual results and timelines may vary.*
Dr Gan Eng Cern
MBBS
MRCS (Edin)
mmed (orl)
FAMS
What is Acute Sinusitis?
Types of Acute Sinusitis
Viral Sinusitis
Viral sinusitis is a common form, typically developing after a cold or flu. The inflammation is directly caused by the viral infection and usually resolves within 7-10 days without antibiotics. Symptoms tend to be milder than those of bacterial sinusitis.
Bacterial Sinusitis
Bacterial sinusitis occurs when bacteria grow in blocked sinuses, often developing as a secondary infection following viral sinusitis. This type may persist beyond 10 days or worsen after initial improvement. Bacterial sinusitis may require antibiotic treatment for resolution.
Fungal Sinusitis
Though rare in acute cases, fungal sinusitis can occur in individuals with weakened immune systems or those with fungal allergies. This type may require specialised treatment and careful monitoring by an ENT specialist.
Allergic Sinusitis
Allergic sinusitis develops when allergens trigger sinus inflammation. Common triggers include dust mites, mould, and air pollution. This type often occurs alongside allergic rhinitis and may require management of the underlying allergy.
Causes & Risk Factors
Causes
- Upper respiratory tract infections (most common trigger)
- Bacterial contamination of blocked sinuses
- Viral infections spreading to the sinus cavities
- Allergic reactions causing sinus membrane swelling
- Dental infections spreading to the maxillary sinuses
- Sudden pressure changes (flying or diving)
- Environmental irritants and pollutants
Risk Factors
- Nasal polyps or deviated septum
- Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
- Asthma or other respiratory conditions
- Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
- Weakened immune system
- Swimming in chlorinated pools
- Exposure to air conditioning
- Living in areas with poor air quality
- Stress affects immune function
Signs & Symptoms
Mild Symptoms
- Nasal congestion or stuffiness
- Runny nose with clear or slightly cloudy discharge
- Mild facial pressure around eyes and cheeks
- Reduced sense of smell
- Post-nasal drip causing throat clearing
- Mild headache, particularly in the morning
- Slight fatigue or general discomfort
Moderate Symptoms
- Thick yellow or green nasal discharge
- Significant facial pain and pressure
- Pain worsens when bending forward
- Persistent headache throughout the day
- Ear pressure or fullness
- Coughing, especially at night
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Dental pain in upper teeth
- Moderate fatigue affecting daily activities
Severe Symptoms
- High fever above 38.5°C
- Severe, intense facial or head pain
- Swelling around the eyes or forehead
- Vision changes or double vision
- Stiff neck or confusion
- Extreme fatigue or weakness
- Prolonged symptoms
- Worsening symptoms after initial improvement
Symptoms may develop gradually following an upper respiratory infection.
*Individual symptom progression and timelines may vary.*
Experiencing these symptoms?
Consult with an ENT specialist for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
When To See an ENT Specialist
Consult an ENT specialist if your symptoms persist beyond 10 days or worsen after initial improvement. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience high fever, severe headache, vision changes, swelling around the eyes, or neck stiffness, as these may indicate serious complications. Get medical care if you have recurring episodes of sinusitis, as this may suggest underlying structural issues requiring evaluation.
During your first consultation, an ENT specialist may review your medical history and perform a thorough examination. This includes inspecting your nasal passages using a lighted instrument and gently pressing on your sinuses to check for tenderness. Early intervention may help prevent progression to chronic sinusitis and reduce the risk of complications affecting nearby structures.
Diagnosis & Testing Methods
Clinical Examination
Our ENT specialist begins with a detailed physical examination, checking for facial tenderness, nasal discharge characteristics, and throat inflammation. This assessment can provide insights into the severity and likely cause of your sinusitis.
Nasal Endoscopy
A thin, flexible tube with a light and a camera (endoscope) allows direct visualisation of your nasal passages and sinus openings. This procedure takes minutes and can provide images of inflammation, polyps, or structural abnormalities. No special preparation is required, and results are available immediately.
Imaging Studies
When complications are suspected or symptoms are severe, a CT scan may be recommended. This can provide cross-sectional images of your sinuses, revealing the extent of inflammation and any anatomical variations. Results are typically available within hours.
Allergy Testing
For patients with recurrent acute sinusitis, allergy testing may help identify triggers. Skin-prick tests or blood tests can detect sensitivities to common environmental allergens. Results can guide both treatment and prevention strategies.
Culture Studies
In cases that do not respond to initial treatment, a sample of nasal discharge may be cultured to identify specific bacteria or fungi. This can help guide targeted antibiotic therapy when needed. Culture results typically take time to process.
*Individual results and timelines may vary.*
Treatment Options Overview
Nasal Saline Irrigation
Saline rinses flush out mucus and irritants from your nasal passages, which may help reduce congestion. Using sterile saline solution, this technique can be performed at home. An ENT specialist can demonstrate proper technique for safety and effectiveness.
*Individual results and timelines may vary.*
Nasal Decongestant Sprays
These medications may help reduce nasal swelling, potentially improving drainage and breathing. However, they can only be used for short periods to avoid rebound congestion. An ENT specialist can provide appropriate guidance and usage instructions. These sprays may work quickly and can be helpful for symptom management.
Oral Medications
Depending on the cause and severity of your condition, various oral medications may be considered. Antibiotics are reserved for confirmed bacterial infections. Antihistamines may help when allergies contribute to sinusitis. Oral decongestants may help reduce sinus swelling, whilst corticosteroids may be considered for inflammation. Pain relievers can help manage discomfort during recovery.
Intranasal Corticosteroid Sprays
These prescription sprays may help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages and sinuses. Regular use may help prevent recurrence in patients prone to sinusitis. Treatment duration varies, and patients may experience improvement at different rates. An ENT specialist can monitor your response and adjust treatment as needed.
*Individual results and timelines may vary.*
Steam Inhalation Therapy
Breathing warm, moist air may help thin mucus secretions and soothe inflamed tissues. This can be done at home using a bowl of hot water or during warm showers. Adding prescribed medications to steam inhalation may enhance therapeutic effects. This can be performed during acute episodes as recommended by your ENT specialist.
In-Office Procedures
For severe or complicated cases, an ENT specialist may consider balloon sinuplasty, a minimally invasive procedure that aims to open blocked sinus passages. This outpatient procedure requires only local anaesthesia. Endoscopic sinus drainage may be considered for persistent infections that do not respond to medical management.
*This treatment is administered as part of a comprehensive plan supervised by an ENT specialist.*
Every patient’s condition is unique.
An ENT specialist may assess your specific situation and recommend the most suitable treatment.
Complications if Left Untreated
Without appropriate treatment, acute sinusitis may progress to chronic sinusitis, which may require more intensive long-term management. The infection may spread to surrounding tissues, potentially causing orbital cellulitis—a severe infection of the eye socket that can affect vision. In some cases, untreated sinusitis may lead to meningitis or brain abscess, particularly when symptoms are severe.
Persistent inflammation can alter the sinus mucosa, increasing the likelihood of future infections. Some patients may develop nasal polyps or experience ongoing breathing difficulties. The post-nasal drip associated with untreated sinusitis can lead to chronic cough, throat irritation, and sleep disturbances. Quality of life may deteriorate when sinusitis becomes a recurring problem, potentially affecting work productivity and daily activities.
*Individual outcomes may vary. These complications represent potential risks that may be discussed with an ENT specialist.*
Prevention
Environmental Modifications
Maintain good indoor air quality by using HEPA-filtered air purifiers, especially during haze periods. Keep humidity levels between 30-50% to discourage mould growth while preventing excessive dryness. Regular cleaning reduces dust mite exposure, a trigger in some homes.
Personal Hygiene Practices
Frequent handwashing may help prevent viral transmission that often precedes sinusitis. Avoid touching your face, particularly during flu season. Use tissue when sneezing or coughing, and dispose of it immediately. Consider wearing a mask during haze periods or when air quality is poor.
Lifestyle Adjustments
Stay well-hydrated to keep mucus thin and easily drainable. Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke exposure, which irritates sinus membranes. Manage allergies proactively with appropriate medications. Regular exercise may support immune function, potentially reducing susceptibility to infections.
Preventive Medical Care
Annual flu vaccinations may reduce the risk of viral infections that can lead to sinusitis. Treat allergic rhinitis consistently to help prevent sinus inflammation. Address dental problems promptly to prevent spread to the maxillary sinuses. Consider preventive nasal sprays during high-risk periods as recommended by your ENT specialist.
For Singaporeans & Singapore Permanent Residents
Medisave & Insurance Shield Plan approved
Your ENT procedure may be eligible for Medisave claims, with the claimable amount varying based on the procedure’s complexity. For additional options, including the use of your insurance or Integrated Shield Plan, reach out to our friendly clinic staff today for assistance.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How can I differentiate between a common cold and acute sinusitis?
While both conditions share similar initial symptoms, acute sinusitis typically develops after cold symptoms have been present for 7-10 days. Key differences include facial pain and pressure that worsen when bending forward, thick, coloured nasal discharge, and symptoms that persist or worsen after initial improvement. A cold usually resolves within a week without these specific sinus-related symptoms. If you’re unsure, consulting an ENT specialist can help with an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Do I always need antibiotics for acute sinusitis treatment in Singapore?
No, antibiotics are not always necessary. Many acute sinusitis cases are viral and resolve with supportive care including saline rinses, adequate rest, and symptom management. Antibiotics are only prescribed when bacterial infection is confirmed or strongly suspected, typically when symptoms persist beyond 10 days or worsen after initial improvement. An ENT specialist can evaluate each case to determine if antibiotics are warranted, avoiding unnecessary medication whilst providing effective treatment when needed.
Can acute sinusitis be caused by Singapore’s haze conditions?
Yes, haze and air pollution can trigger or worsen acute sinusitis. Fine particles in haze irritate nasal and sinus membranes, leading to inflammation and increased mucus production. This creates an environment where infections may develop more easily. During haze periods, staying indoors when possible, using air purifiers, wearing N95 masks outdoors, and performing regular nasal irrigation to remove irritants may help. Patients with recurring sinusitis during haze periods may benefit from preventive treatments prescribed by a specialist.
How long does recovery from acute sinusitis typically take?
With appropriate treatment, recovery timeframes can vary. Viral sinusitis often resolves within a week with supportive care. Bacterial sinusitis treated with antibiotics may improve within 48-72 hours of starting medication. Recovery time varies based on infection severity, overall health, and treatment compliance.
*Individual results and timelines may vary. Following your ENT specialist’s recommendations can support optimal recovery.*
Can I fly with acute sinusitis?
Flying with acute sinusitis is generally not recommended, as pressure changes during takeoff and landing can cause severe pain and potentially worsen your condition. Pressure changes can also push infected material into surrounding tissues, increasing the risk of complications. If travel is essential, consult an ENT specialist beforehand for preventive measures, including decongestants and pain management strategies. Patients can wait until symptoms significantly improve before flying.
What’s the difference between acute and chronic sinusitis?
Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks and typically follows a cold or respiratory infection. Symptoms develop quickly and resolve with appropriate treatment. Chronic sinusitis persists for 12 weeks or longer despite treatment attempts, often involving ongoing inflammation rather than active infection. Chronic cases may require different treatment approaches, including longer medication courses, allergy management, or surgical intervention. An ENT specialist can determine the type of your condition and develop an appropriate management plan.
Are there any home remedies that can help with acute sinusitis?
Several home remedies can complement medical treatment. Saline nasal irrigation can help flush mucus and irritants. Steam inhalation may provide temporary relief from congestion. Staying well-hydrated can help thin mucus secretions. Warm compresses applied to the face may ease pain and pressure. Elevating your head whilst sleeping can promote drainage. These remedies should supplement, not replace, professional medical care when symptoms are severe or persistent.
When should I consider seeing an ENT specialist versus a general practitioner?
Whilst general practitioners can manage straightforward acute sinusitis cases, you may see an ENT specialist if you experience recurrent episodes, symptoms lasting beyond 2 weeks, severe symptoms including vision changes or high fever, or failure to respond to initial treatment. An ENT specialist has specialised equipment for detailed sinus examination and can perform procedures not available in general practice. Direct specialist consultation can provide a comprehensive evaluation and access to advanced treatment options when needed.
Conclusion
Acute sinusitis, while common, doesn’t have to disrupt your life significantly. Understanding the condition, recognising symptoms early, and seeking appropriate treatment may help support faster recovery and prevent complications. Our ENT specialist combines experience with modern diagnostic tools to provide accurate diagnosis and effective treatment tailored to your specific needs. Whether your sinusitis is triggered by infections, allergies, or environmental factors, comprehensive care is available to address both immediate symptoms and underlying causes.
Take the First Step Towards Better Health
Living with acute sinusitis can be challenging, but you don’t have to face it alone. Our ENT specialist has experience diagnosing and treating acute sinusitis using current evidence-based approaches.
Dr Gan Eng Cern
MBBS
MRCS (Edin)
mmed (orl)
FAMS
With over 15 years of experience, Dr Gan specialises in the comprehensive management of a broad range of conditions related to the ear, nose and throat (ENT), and head and neck.
Dr. Gan has contributed to the academic field as a Senior Clinical Lecturer at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. He is recognised for his extensive research work, with numerous contributions to reputable international ENT journals. Dr Gan is also highly sought after as a speaker and has shared his surgical knowledge as a surgical dissection teacher at various prominent ENT conferences and courses.
- 2020 – Reader’s Choice Gold Award for Best ENT Specialist (Expat Living Singapore)
- 2016 – Best Educator Award (Eastern Health Alliance)
- 2016 – “Wow” Award (Patient Compliment)
- 2014 – Eastern Health Alliance Caring Award – Silver
- 2014 – 19th Yahya Cohen Memorial Lectureship (awarded by the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine Singapore for best scientific surgical paper)
- 2012 – Human Manpower Development Award (Ministry of Health, Singapore)
- 2007 – Singhealth Best Doctor Award
Qualifications
- MBBS – Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)
- MRCS (Edin) – Member of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MMed (ORL) – Master of Medicine in ENT (National University of Singapore)
- FAMS – Fellow of the Academy of Medicine Singapore
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Our Location
A Specialist Clinic for Sinus, Snoring & ENT
38 Irrawaddy Road #08-45
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
Singapore 329563
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