Runny nose, medically termed rhinorrhea, occurs when excess mucus is produced by the nasal tissues and sinuses. This clear, white, yellow, or green discharge serves as the body’s natural defence mechanism against irritants, allergens, or infections. The nasal cavity produces mucus daily under normal conditions, which typically drains down the throat unnoticed. When production increases or drainage is impaired, the excess flows from the nostrils. In Singapore’s tropical climate, individuals may experience chronic rhinitis symptoms, with increased occurrence during haze periods and in air-conditioned environments.
Runny Nose Treatment
in Singapore
A persistent runny nose can significantly disrupt your daily activities, from constant tissue use during meetings to interrupted sleep from nasal congestion. While occasional nasal discharge is normal, chronic or severe symptoms deserve proper medical attention. ENT specialists in Singapore provide comprehensive evaluation and treatment for all types of runny nose conditions, from allergic rhinitis to chronic sinusitis. Understanding the underlying cause of your symptoms is essential for appropriate treatment and management.
Individual results and timelines may vary.
Dr Gan Eng Cern
MBBS
MRCS (Edin)
mmed (orl)
FAMS
What is a Runny Nose (Rhinorrhea)?
Types of Runny Nose
- Acute Rhinorrhea: Sudden onset of nasal discharge lasting less than four weeks. It may be associated with viral infections, such as the common cold, or with acute bacterial sinusitis. Symptoms can peak within the first few days and may gradually resolve.
- Chronic Rhinorrhea: Persistent nasal discharge lasting more than 12 weeks. It can indicate underlying conditions such as allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, or structural abnormalities. May require a thorough evaluation to identify the underlying cause.
- Allergic Rhinorrhea: Triggered by environmental allergens such as dust mites, pollen, or pet dander. It can occur in Singapore due to high humidity and indoor allergen exposure. It may be accompanied by sneezing, itchy eyes, and nasal congestion.
- Non-Allergic Rhinorrhea: Nasal discharge without allergic triggers. Includes vasomotor rhinitis (which can be triggered by temperature changes, strong odours, or spicy foods), hormonal rhinitis (which may occur during pregnancy or with thyroid disorders), and medication-induced rhinitis.
Causes & Risk Factors
Common Causes
- Viral infections (common cold, flu)
- Bacterial sinus infections
- Allergic reactions to dust mites, mould, or pollen
- Environmental irritants (cigarette smoke, perfumes, cleaning products)
- Sudden temperature changes (entering air-conditioned spaces)
- Spicy foods triggering gustatory rhinitis
- Nasal polyps or deviated septum
- Chronic sinusitis
- Medication side effects (blood pressure medications, NSAIDs)
Risk Factors
- Living in high-humidity environments
- Frequent exposure to air conditioning
- Family history of allergies or asthma
- Weakened immune system
- Smoking or secondhand smoke exposure
- Occupational exposure to chemicals or dust
- Pre-existing nasal structural abnormalities
- Chronic stress affects immune function
- Certain age groups may be more susceptible
Signs & Symptoms
Mild Symptoms
- Clear, watery nasal discharge
- Occasional sneezing
- Slight nasal congestion
- Post-nasal drip sensation
- Mild throat clearing
- Intermittent nasal itching
Moderate Symptoms
- Persistent thick nasal discharge
- Frequent nose blowing required
- Nasal congestion affecting breathing
- Facial pressure around the sinuses
- Reduced sense of smell
- Disturbed sleep from congestion
- Mouth breathing
- Fatigue from poor sleep quality
Severe Symptoms
- Thick, coloured discharge (yellow, green, or blood-tinged)
- Severe facial pain or headaches
- High fever with nasal symptoms
- Complete nasal blockage
- Difficulty breathing
- Ear pain or fullness
- Persistent cough from post-nasal drip
- Swollen lymph nodes
Symptom patterns may vary depending on the underlying cause. Allergic rhinitis typically worsens during specific seasons or with specific exposures, whereas infectious causes may show gradual improvement.
Experiencing these symptoms?
Consult with an ENT specialist for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
When to See an ENT Specialist
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience a high fever above 39°C, severe headache with neck stiffness, vision changes, or blood-tinged discharge lasting more than a day. Schedule a consultation if symptoms persist beyond 10 days, worsen after initial improvement, or recur frequently.
During your first consultation, an ENT specialist typically reviews your medical history, examines your nasal passages using an endoscope, and may recommend allergy testing or imaging studies. The examination aims to provide a visual assessment of your nasal structures. Early intervention may help prevent complications such as chronic sinusitis or middle ear infections. Patients with symptoms affecting work productivity or sleep quality can consider seeking evaluation rather than relying solely on over-the-counter medications.
Diagnosis & Testing Methods
- Nasal Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera examines the nasal passages and sinuses directly. This procedure may visualise polyps, structural abnormalities, or signs of infection. No preparation required.
- Allergy Testing: Skin prick tests or blood tests can help identify specific allergen triggers. This information may be useful for developing targeted treatment plans for allergic rhinitis.
- CT Scan of Sinuses: Detailed imaging can reveal sinus anatomy, chronic inflammation, or structural problems. This imaging may be particularly useful for recurrent or chronic symptoms.
- Nasal Cytology: Microscopic examination of nasal discharge can help distinguish between allergic and non-allergic causes. Sample collection involves using a small swab. Results may guide medication selection.
- Rhinomanometry: Measures nasal airflow and resistance objectively. This test may be useful for documenting severity and monitoring treatment response. The test involves breathing through a mask.
Treatment Options Overview
Nasal Saline Irrigation
Regular rinsing with sterile saline solution may help remove irritants, allergens, and excess mucus from nasal passages. This can be performed using a neti pot or a squeeze bottle. This approach is considered safe for long-term use and suitable for all ages. It may be particularly helpful for chronic sinusitis and post-nasal drip.
Antihistamine Medications
Oral antihistamines like cetirizine or loratadine may help reduce allergic response and decrease mucus production. These medications are typically taken once daily. Newer generation antihistamines generally cause minimal drowsiness. Nasal antihistamine sprays may provide targeted relief with fewer systemic effects.
Intranasal Corticosteroid Sprays
These sprays may help reduce nasal inflammation and mucus production. Daily use may achieve beneficial effects over time. They can be considered for long-term management of chronic rhinitis. Proper spray technique helps for effectiveness whilst minimising side effects.
Decongestant Medications
Oral or nasal decongestants may provide relief by reducing swollen nasal tissues. Nasal sprays are typically limited to short-term use to avoid rebound congestion. Oral forms may affect blood pressure and require medical supervision for some patients.
Anticholinergic Nasal Sprays
Ipratropium bromide spray may specifically help with runny nose symptoms. It may be particularly helpful for vasomotor rhinitis and cold-air-induced symptoms. This treatment can be applied as directed by your ENT specialist.
Immunotherapy Treatment
Sublingual tablets or allergy shots may help gradually desensitise the immune system to specific allergens. Treatment typically spans several years and may provide long-lasting relief. This approach may be suitable for patients with confirmed allergic triggers not responding to medications.
Radiofrequency Turbinate Reduction
This minimally invasive procedure aims to reduce enlarged turbinates using controlled radiofrequency energy. It can be performed under local anaesthesia in clinic settings. Recovery varies by individual, and the procedure may help improve nasal breathing and reduce discharge.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
This approach may be considered for chronic sinusitis with polyps or structural abnormalities not responding to medical treatment. Modern endoscopic techniques aim to minimise discomfort and support recovery. Recovery time varies by individual.
Septoplasty
Surgical correction of a deviated septum may help improve nasal airflow and drainage. It can be combined with turbinate reduction when appropriate. This procedure is performed under general anaesthesia with a recovery period that varies by individual.
Every patient’s condition is unique.
Our ENT Specialist typically assesses your specific situation and recommends the most suitable treatment.
Complications if Left Untreated
An untreated chronic runny nose may progress to complications that can affect overall health and quality of life. Persistent nasal discharge may lead to chronic sinusitis, which can be characterised by facial pain, pressure, and recurrent infections that might require medical intervention.
Middle ear infections (otitis media) can develop when excess mucus blocks the Eustachian tubes, potentially causing ear pain, hearing changes, and balance issues. Children may be more susceptible to these complications. Chronic post-nasal drip can trigger persistent cough and throat irritation, and may exacerbate existing asthma symptoms. Sleep disruption from nasal congestion can lead to daytime fatigue, reduced concentration, and decreased work productivity. Some patients may develop nasal polyps due to chronic inflammation, which can further obstruct the nasal passages and may require medical evaluation.
Individual experiences and progression of complications may vary. It is important to consult with an ENT specialist for proper evaluation and management.
Prevention
- Environmental Control: Minimise exposure to known triggers by using HEPA air filters, maintaining indoor humidity levels, and regularly cleaning to reduce dust mites. Keep windows closed on high-pollen days and shower after outdoor activities.
- Hygiene Practices: Regular hand washing can help prevent viral transmission. Avoid touching your face and sharing personal items during the cold season. Clean and replace air conditioner filters regularly in Singapore’s climate.
- Lifestyle Modifications: Stay hydrated to help maintain mucus consistency. Exercise regularly to support immune function. Manage stress through relaxation techniques, as chronic stress may affect immune response.
- Dietary Considerations: Identify and avoid food triggers if you have gustatory rhinitis. Consider increasing vitamin C and zinc intake by eating more fruits and vegetables. Some individuals may find limiting dairy products helpful if they increase mucus production.
- Preventive Medications: Daily nasal saline rinses may help remove irritants before symptoms develop. Prophylactic antihistamines during allergy season may help prevent symptom onset. Regularly used intranasal corticosteroids may help prevent chronic inflammation.
*Consult with an ENT specialist before starting any preventive medication regimen.*
For Singaporeans & Singapore Permanent Residents
Medisave & Insurance Shield Plan approved
Your ENT procedure may be eligible for Medisave claims, with the claimable amount varying based on the procedure’s complexity. For additional options, including the use of your insurance or Integrated Shield Plan, reach out to our friendly clinic staff today for assistance.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How can I differentiate between an allergic and a non-allergic runny nose?
Allergic rhinitis typically presents with clear, watery discharge accompanied by sneezing, itchy eyes, and symptoms that worsen with specific triggers like dust or pollen. Non-allergic rhinitis may produce thicker discharge without itching and is triggered by irritants, weather changes, or foods. An ENT specialist can perform specific tests, including nasal endoscopy and allergy testing, to determine the exact cause. The pattern of symptoms, timing, and response to antihistamines also helps distinguish between types.
Why does my runny nose worsen in air-conditioned environments?
Air conditioning removes moisture from the air, causing nasal passages to produce more mucus as a protective response. The sudden temperature change from Singapore’s outdoor heat to cold indoor spaces can trigger vasomotor rhinitis in sensitive individuals. Additionally, air conditioners can harbour mould and circulate dust if not properly maintained. Regular filter cleaning and gradual temperature adjustments may help. Using a humidifier in air-conditioned rooms can help maintain optimal nasal moisture.
How long should I use nasal decongestant sprays?
Nasal decongestant sprays may not be used for more than 3-5 consecutive days. Prolonged use can cause rhinitis medicamentosa, where nasal passages become dependent on the medication and congestion worsens when stopped. This rebound congestion can be more severe than the original problem. For long-term management, an ENT specialist can prescribe safer alternatives, such as intranasal corticosteroids or antihistamine sprays. If you’ve been using decongestant sprays long-term, gradual weaning under medical supervision may be necessary.
Can a chronic runny nose affect my sense of smell and taste?
Yes, persistent nasal discharge and inflammation can impact smell and taste. The olfactory receptors in your upper nasal cavity can become blocked by mucus or affected by chronic inflammation. Since taste relies heavily on smell, food may seem bland. Patients may experience improvement once the underlying cause is treated. Early intervention can help prevent damage to olfactory nerves. An ENT specialist can assess the extent of impact and recommend appropriate treatment.
Is surgery necessary for a chronic runny nose?
Surgery is typically reserved for cases not responding to medical management or when structural abnormalities are identified. Conditions like severe deviated septum, nasal polyps, or chronic sinusitis may benefit from surgical intervention. Modern endoscopic techniques are minimally invasive with faster recovery times. An ENT specialist typically tries conservative treatments first and recommends surgery only when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. Many patients can achieve symptom control with medications and lifestyle modifications alone.
Are there any home remedies that may help with a runny nose?
Steam inhalation may help loosen mucus and provide temporary relief. Saline nasal rinses using distilled water can remove irritants and thin secretions. Staying well-hydrated can help keep mucus thin and easier to clear. Elevating your head while sleeping may reduce post-nasal drip. A warm compress over the sinuses may alleviate pressure. While these approaches can provide symptom relief, they don’t address underlying causes. Persistent symptoms require professional evaluation to prevent complications.
How does Singapore’s climate affect runny nose conditions?
Singapore’s high humidity promotes dust mite and mould growth, common triggers for allergic rhinitis. The year-round warm weather means continuous allergen exposure, with no seasonal relief. Frequent transitions between outdoor heat and indoor air-conditioning can trigger vasomotor rhinitis. Haze periods may worsen symptoms due to air pollution. An ENT specialist can understand these local factors and tailor treatment accordingly. Environmental control measures specific to tropical climates can form an important part of management strategies.
Can stress cause or worsen a runny nose?
Chronic stress can affect immune function and may trigger or exacerbate rhinitis symptoms. Stress hormones can influence inflammatory pathways and mucus production. Some individuals develop psychogenic rhinitis, where emotional stress directly triggers nasal symptoms. Stress may also worsen symptom perception and reduce treatment compliance. Incorporating stress management techniques like meditation, regular exercise, and adequate sleep may improve overall symptom control. An ENT specialist can consider psychological factors when developing comprehensive treatment plans.
Conclusion
Living with a chronic runny nose doesn’t have to be your daily reality. While this is a common condition in Singapore’s unique climate, treatment options are available to address your specific symptoms and underlying causes. From simple saline rinses to modern endoscopic procedures, our ENT Specialist provides comprehensive care tailored to your needs. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may help prevent complications and improve your quality of life. Consider scheduling a consultation to discuss your symptoms and treatment options.
Take the First Step Towards Better Health
Living with a chronic runny nose can be challenging, but you don’t have to face it alone. Our ENT Specialist has experience diagnosing and treating rhinorrhoea using current evidence-based approaches.
Dr Gan Eng Cern
MBBS
MRCS (Edin)
mmed (orl)
FAMS
With over 15 years of experience, Dr Gan specialises in the comprehensive management of a broad range of conditions related to the ear, nose and throat (ENT), and head and neck.
Dr. Gan has contributed to the academic field as a Senior Clinical Lecturer at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. He is recognised for his extensive research work, with numerous contributions to reputable international ENT journals. Dr Gan is also highly sought after as a speaker and has shared his surgical knowledge as a surgical dissection teacher at various prominent ENT conferences and courses.
- 2020 – Reader’s Choice Gold Award for Best ENT Specialist (Expat Living Singapore)
- 2016 – Best Educator Award (Eastern Health Alliance)
- 2016 – “Wow” Award (Patient Compliment)
- 2014 – Eastern Health Alliance Caring Award – Silver
- 2014 – 19th Yahya Cohen Memorial Lectureship (awarded by the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine Singapore for best scientific surgical paper)
- 2012 – Human Manpower Development Award (Ministry of Health, Singapore)
- 2007 – Singhealth Best Doctor Award
Qualifications
- MBBS – Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)
- MRCS (Edin) – Member of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MMed (ORL) – Master of Medicine in ENT (National University of Singapore)
- FAMS – Fellow of the Academy of Medicine Singapore
Make an Enquiry
Fill up the form and our friendly clinic staff will get back to you promptly.
Our Location
A Specialist Clinic for Sinus, Snoring & ENT
38 Irrawaddy Road #08-45
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
Singapore 329563
Mon – Fri: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm
Sat: 8:30 am – 12:00 pm